Biogenesis such as IsaA.the expression of these genes, except for asp23, was significantly up-regulated in the hVISA strains. The expression of these five genes was also evaluated in unrelated VSSA (n = 30) and hVISA (n = 24) strains by qRT-PCR, which showed that only isaA was significantly up-regulated in the hVISA strains (Figure 1). To determine whether the Lective GRPr antagonist RC3095 (0.03?.3 nmol). Shift in the dose response curve differentially expressed genes were associated with persistent infection, their expression was assessed in 15 pairs of persistent VSSA strains by qRT-PCR. The results showed no significant differences in the expression level of the five genes among the 15 pairs of persistent VSSA strains (Table 5).DiscussionAlthough the clinical importance of hVISA strains has been well-established, the resistance mechanism of hVISA remains unclear. In the present study, the potential mechanism of low-level vancomycin resistance was assessed in two pairs of isogenic VSSA and hVISA isolates by On of the partial differential equation describing the spreading process suggests Comparative proteomics analysis, which identified five differentially expressed proteins that were upregulated in both hVISA strains (Table 3). Among the identified proteins, AphC, Asp23, and MsrA2 are involved in defense mechanisms. AhpC directly reduces organic hydroperoxides to their dithiol forms [24]. The hVISA/VISA strains showed thickened cell walls, increased peptidoglycan crosslinking, and a high positive charge [25], which could have caused changes in oxidation and osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell, and further induced AhpC expression. The stress response gene asp23, which encodes the Asp23 protein, is a possible target gene of the key global regulator, SigB [26]. Asp23 has a key role in the alkaline pH tolerance of S. aureus [27]. A previous microarray-based study also showed that Asp23 is upregulated in the hVISA strain [28]. The results of our comparative proteomics analysis showed that MsrA2 was enhanced in bothRelative Expression of the five Differentially Expressed Proteins in Clinical VSSA and hVISA IsolatesThe expression of the five differentially expressed proteins was assessed in six pairs of isogenic VSSA and hVISA strains by qRT?PCR to validate the accuracy of the results of comparative proteomics. The results showed that isaA, msrA2, and ahpC were up-regulated in all six hVISA strains, whereas asp23 and gpmA were up-regulated in five hVISA strains compared with the VSSA parental strain. The asp23 and gpmA genes were not up-regulated in the CN2/CN1 pair (Table 4). Statistical analysis showed thatThe Comparative Proteomics of hVISAhVISA strains. MsrA2, which catalyzes the reversible oxidationreduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine, has a key function as a repair enzyme for proteins inactivated by oxidation. S. aureus possesses three MsrA enzymes (MsrA1, MsrA2, MsrA3) [29]. The msrA gene is a highly induced member gene of the cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS), which can be induced by cell wallactive antibiotics, such as oxacillin and vancomycin. The upregulation of msrA can lead to an increased rate of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which results in cell wall thickening [11]. In addition, Msr proteins regulate virulence in several bacteria [29,30]. In a cDNA microarray study [11], msrA2 was over-expressed in VISA strains, which coincided with our results. The study also demonstrated that msrA2 contributes to vancomycin resistance by gene knockout and trans-complementation assay [11]. In addition, cell morphology experiments showed that msrA2 overexpression increases the cel.Biogenesis such as IsaA.the expression of these genes, except for asp23, was significantly up-regulated in the hVISA strains. The expression of these five genes was also evaluated in unrelated VSSA (n = 30) and hVISA (n = 24) strains by qRT-PCR, which showed that only isaA was significantly up-regulated in the hVISA strains (Figure 1). To determine whether the differentially expressed genes were associated with persistent infection, their expression was assessed in 15 pairs of persistent VSSA strains by qRT-PCR. The results showed no significant differences in the expression level of the five genes among the 15 pairs of persistent VSSA strains (Table 5).DiscussionAlthough the clinical importance of hVISA strains has been well-established, the resistance mechanism of hVISA remains unclear. In the present study, the potential mechanism of low-level vancomycin resistance was assessed in two pairs of isogenic VSSA and hVISA isolates by comparative proteomics analysis, which identified five differentially expressed proteins that were upregulated in both hVISA strains (Table 3). Among the identified proteins, AphC, Asp23, and MsrA2 are involved in defense mechanisms. AhpC directly reduces organic hydroperoxides to their dithiol forms [24]. The hVISA/VISA strains showed thickened cell walls, increased peptidoglycan crosslinking, and a high positive charge [25], which could have caused changes in oxidation and osmotic pressure inside and outside the cell, and further induced AhpC expression. The stress response gene asp23, which encodes the Asp23 protein, is a possible target gene of the key global regulator, SigB [26]. Asp23 has a key role in the alkaline pH tolerance of S. aureus [27]. A previous microarray-based study also showed that Asp23 is upregulated in the hVISA strain [28]. The results of our comparative proteomics analysis showed that MsrA2 was enhanced in bothRelative Expression of the five Differentially Expressed Proteins in Clinical VSSA and hVISA IsolatesThe expression of the five differentially expressed proteins was assessed in six pairs of isogenic VSSA and hVISA strains by qRT?PCR to validate the accuracy of the results of comparative proteomics. The results showed that isaA, msrA2, and ahpC were up-regulated in all six hVISA strains, whereas asp23 and gpmA were up-regulated in five hVISA strains compared with the VSSA parental strain. The asp23 and gpmA genes were not up-regulated in the CN2/CN1 pair (Table 4). Statistical analysis showed thatThe Comparative Proteomics of hVISAhVISA strains. MsrA2, which catalyzes the reversible oxidationreduction of methionine sulfoxide to methionine, has a key function as a repair enzyme for proteins inactivated by oxidation. S. aureus possesses three MsrA enzymes (MsrA1, MsrA2, MsrA3) [29]. The msrA gene is a highly induced member gene of the cell wall stress stimulon (CWSS), which can be induced by cell wallactive antibiotics, such as oxacillin and vancomycin. The upregulation of msrA can lead to an increased rate of peptidoglycan biosynthesis, which results in cell wall thickening [11]. In addition, Msr proteins regulate virulence in several bacteria [29,30]. In a cDNA microarray study [11], msrA2 was over-expressed in VISA strains, which coincided with our results. The study also demonstrated that msrA2 contributes to vancomycin resistance by gene knockout and trans-complementation assay [11]. In addition, cell morphology experiments showed that msrA2 overexpression increases the cel.