Beta-D-Glucose
Beta-D-Glucose is a primary source of energy for living organisms. It is naturally occurring and is found in fruits and other parts of plants in its free state. It is used therapeutically in fluid and nutrient replacement. A glucoside is a glycoside that is derived from glucose. Glucosides are common in plants, but rare in animals. Glucose is produced when a glucoside is hydrolysed by purely chemical means, or decomposed by fermentation or enzymes. This group contains a benzene and also an ethylene group, being derived from styrolene. Coniferin, C16H22O8, occurs in the cambium of conifer wood. Emlisin converts it into glucose and coniferyl alcohol, while oxidation gives glycovanillin, which yields with emlisin glucose and vanillin. Syringin, which occurs in the bark of Syringe vligaris, is a methoxyconiferin. Phloridzus occurs in the root-bark of various fruit trees; it hydrolyses to glucose and phloretin, which is the phloroglucin ester of paraoxyhydratropic acid. It is related to the pentosides naringin, C21HEOi1, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and naringenin, the phioroglucin ester of para-oxycinnamic acid, and hesperidin, which hydrolyses to rhamnose and hesperetin, the phloroglucin ester of meta-oxy-para-methoxycinnamic acid or isoferliic acid, C10H10O4. Classification of the glucosides is a matter of some difficlity. One based on the chemical constitution of the non-glucose part of the moleclies has been proposed that frames four groups: (I) ethylene derivatives, (2) benzene derivatives, (3) styrolene derivatives, (4) anthracene derivatives. A group may also be made to include the cyanogenetic glucosides, i.e. those containing prussic acid. Other classifications follow a botanical classification, which has several advantages; in particliar, plants of allied genera contain similar compounds. In this article the chemical classification will be followed, and only the more important compounds will be discussed here.
Structure for HMDB00516 (Beta-D-Glucose)
C6H12O6
180.1559
180.063388116
(2R,3R,4S,5S,6R)-6-(hydroxymethyl)oxane-2,3,4,5-tetrol
glucoside
492-61-5
WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-VFUOTHLCSA-N
This compound belongs to the class of organic compounds known as hexoses. These are monosaccharides in which the sugar unit is a is a six-carbon containing moeity.
Organic compounds
Organic oxygen compounds
Organooxygen compounds
Carbohydrates and carbohydrate conjugates
Hexoses
Aliphatic heteromonocyclic compounds
Detected but not Quantified
Not Available
Not Available
Solid
Predicted GC-MS Spectrum – GC-MSNot Available
GC-MS Spectrum – GC-EI-TOFsplash10-00di-9721000000-6ca4df9ac892160d11c5View in MoNA
GC-MS Spectrum – GC-EI-TOFsplash10-00di-9621000000-fff85ff382393ec04a54View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 10V, Positivesplash10-01q9-0900000000-ecd0aedc67c9a2eec60fView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 20V, Positivesplash10-03ea-2900000000-e4daf22c7320ccc41812View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 40V, Positivesplash10-0005-9200000000-91fc3940732f782a88bbView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 10V, Negativesplash10-004i-1900000000-e9f3e728d1b340759a09View in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 20V, Negativesplash10-01t9-5900000000-c0a478f2b9c5bbc6c4baView in MoNA
Predicted LC-MS/MS Spectrum – 40V, Negativesplash10-0006-9100000000-06852e2088bf1c6b38c4View in MoNA
Mass Spectrum (Electron Ionization)splash10-03kc-9000000000-a60df7b043f8947d6909View in MoNA
Not Available
Normal
Normal
Normal
Irritable bowel syndrome
Irritable bowel syndrome
Ulcerative colitis
None
None
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
FDB011824
Not Available
58238
C00221
Not Available
Not Available
Not Available
HMDB00516
HMDB00516
3755
64689
BGC
15903
Enzymes
- General function:
- Involved in ATP binding
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the initial step in utilization of glucose by the beta-cell and liver at physiological glucose concentration. Glucokinase has a high Km for glucose, and so it is effective only when glucose is abundant. The role of GCK is to provide G6P for the synthesis of glycogen. Pancreatic glucokinase plays an important role in modulating insulin secretion. Hepatic glucokinase helps to facilitate the uptake and conversion of glucose by acting as an insulin-sensitive determinant of hepatic glucose usage.
- Gene Name:
- GCK
- Uniprot ID:
- P35557
- Molecular weight:
- 52191.07
Reactions
- General function:
- Involved in hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
- Specific function:
- LPH splits lactose in the small intestine.
- Gene Name:
- LCT
- Uniprot ID:
- P09848
- Molecular weight:
- 218584.77
- General function:
- Involved in phosphotransferase activity, alcohol group as acceptor
- Specific function:
- Catalyzes the phosphorylation of D-glucose to D-glucose 6-phosphate using ADP as the phosphate donor. GDP and CDP can replace ADP, but with reduced efficiency (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- ADPGK
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9BRR6
- Molecular weight:
- 53960.185
Reactions
- General function:
- Involved in hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
- Specific function:
- Cleaves beta-linked terminal galactosyl residues from gangliosides, glycoproteins, and glycosaminoglycans.Isoform 2 has no beta-galactosidase catalytic activity, but plays functional roles in the formation of extracellular elastic fibers (elastogenesis) and in the development of connective tissue. Seems to be identical to the elastin-binding protein (EBP), a major component of the non-integrin cell surface receptor expressed on fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, chondroblasts, leukocytes, and certain cancer cell types. In elastin producing cells, associates with tropoelastin intracellularly and functions as a recycling molecular chaperone which facilitates the secretions of tropoelastin and its assembly into elastic fibers.
- Gene Name:
- GLB1
- Uniprot ID:
- P16278
- Molecular weight:
- Not Available
- General function:
- Involved in catalytic activity
- Specific function:
- Not Available
- Gene Name:
- GBA
- Uniprot ID:
- P04062
- Molecular weight:
- 59715.745
- General function:
- Involved in enzyme inhibitor activity
- Specific function:
- Inhibits glucokinase by forming an inactive complex with this enzyme
- Gene Name:
- GCKR
- Uniprot ID:
- Q14397
- Molecular weight:
- 68700.7
- General function:
- Involved in hydrolase activity, hydrolyzing O-glycosyl compounds
- Specific function:
- Glycosidase probably involved in the intestinal absorption and metabolism of dietary flavonoid glycosides. Able to hydrolyze a broad variety of glycosides including phytoestrogens, flavonols, flavones, flavanones and cyanogens. Possesses beta-glycosylceramidase activity and may be involved in a nonlysosomal catabolic pathway of glycosylceramide.
- Gene Name:
- GBA3
- Uniprot ID:
- Q9H227
- Molecular weight:
- Not Available
Reactions
- General function:
- Involved in catalytic activity
- Specific function:
- May serve as an alternate pathway for starch digestion when luminal alpha-amylase activity is reduced because of immaturity or malnutrition. May play a unique role in the digestion of malted dietary oligosaccharides used in food manufacturing.
- Gene Name:
- MGAM
- Uniprot ID:
- O43451
- Molecular weight:
- Not Available
- General function:
- Involved in isomerase activity
- Specific function:
- Mutarotase converts alpha-aldose to the beta-anomer. It is active on D-glucose, L-arabinose, D-xylose, D-galactose, maltose and lactose (By similarity).
- Gene Name:
- GALM
- Uniprot ID:
- Q96C23
- Molecular weight:
- 37765.365